Literary Analysis of ?The Grandfather? by Gary Soto Essay -- essays re

Gary Sotos power comes from showing, from painting pictures that allow the reader to feel the wonder promise, and pain of effortless life (Fabiano185). Gary Sotos writing goes right to the center of the Chicano experience (Dunn 284). In The grandpa, Gary Soto presents the feeling of what everyday life would be like when living in a Hispanic community. Soto is able to do this with a representational writing style, writing in a simple style, and using his real life experiences as a basis. Naturalism is a writing style in which the writer takes a slice of life and makes it last forever. In The Grandfather Soto uses a naturalistic style of writing. In his writing Soto contemplates over everyday life such as marriage, parenthood, friendship, or making a living (Fields 284). In The Grandfather, Grandfather had s settles in Fresno and works thirty years at Sun Maid Raisin to make a living (Soto 6). Soto writes about everyday events and he does non try to butter anything up. The critic Geoffrey Dunn states that Gary Soto recalls dad to day traumas, tragedies, and triumphs (283). This can be seen when Soto writes about how Grandfather waits his whole life for his favorite tree to give its fruit, and after twenty long years, it does (Soto 9). The tree finally giving fruit is Grandfathers triumph. Sotos naturalistic writing style is one of the elements that makes his stories so inciting. Cavazos 2Soto also writes in a very simple style....

Experiencing Brave New World in 1998 :: Aldous Huxley Brave New World Essays

Experiencing Brave New World in 1998Since good literature transports the lecturer to immersion, absorption and sensation of plot, the successful literary experience often unveils a segment of the selfs concealed character. Aldous Huxleys Brave New World immerses the reader in a State scientifically constructed to produce lasting happiness without harm. Six centuries into the future, a world leader has designed a culture flabbily devoid of balancing challenges by eliminating illness, geriatrics, fear of death, passion and love, parenting, poverty, and seeking of anything. Its inhabitants exist in a bureaucratically controlled state of stability sans emotion. Brave New World is the citizens polar experience to the prehistoric cavemans solitary existence of self. immediately we struggle individually to establish satisfactory symmetry between these two states of bureaucracy and independence while bench-pressing multi-weighted challenges. A journey to Brave New Worlds civilization o f the ridiculous elicits an excellent measure of the 1998 readers centeredness between the selfs grip of autonomy and its interdependence with State. Franz Boas, primo cultural anthropologist, subscribed that studying the varied threads of cultural arras (whats different) facilitates the understanding of culture. Published in 1932, Brave New World presented greater bureaucratic exaggeration to a general readership unengaged in the battle of the balance. establishment was barely a gadfly on the barbell, while the 1932 self indeed included the entire village of extended families and neighbors bolstering each other. Sixty-six years hence, presidential term has infiltrated human life stealthily, while the individual has gradually isolated itself with a transient society and fast-track economy bearing down upon the burden-lifter like additional weights. Although hardship labels remain the same, the 1998 challenge of dealing with these afflictions is more complex. Health and psychiatri c practitioners caution us that balance is next to godliness. Therefore, we strive in solitude to balance merged positions with family disasters, our yin with our yang, our left brains with our right brains, and most importantly, our debits with our credits.Our state of autonomy depends upon our frame of reference, for it is easy to remain autonomous without adversity. Consider the reaction of the Brave New World reader who has experienced a loved ones serious illness and painful death as a solitary struggle to provide emotional, financial and HMO health check support. Through the assistance of Brave New World, the reader subsequently tours The Park Lane Hospital for the Dying, a sixty-story tower of primrose tiles. The air is continuously brisk with gay synthetic melodies.

What tree did you fall from? :: essays research papers

What tree did you fall from? Find your birthday, findyour tree and then scroll down... This is really cool and somewhat accurate,also in line with Celtic astrology. Jan 01 to Jan 11 - Fir direct Jan 12 to Jan 24 - Elm guide Jan 25 to Feb 03 - Cypress channelise Feb 04 to Feb 08 - Poplar guide Feb 09 to Feb 18 - true cedar Tree Feb 19 to Feb 28 - Pine Tree Mar 01 to Mar 10 - Weeping Willow Tree Mar 11 to Mar 20 - Lime Tree Mar 21 - Oak Tree Mar 22 to Mar 31 - Hazelnut Tree Apr 01 to Apr 10 - Rowan Tree Apr 11 to Apr 20 - Maple Tree Apr 21 to Apr 30 - Walnut Tree May 01 to May 14 - Poplar Tree May 15 to May 24 - Chestnut Tree May 25 to Jun 03 - Ash Tree Jun 04 to Jun 13 - Hornbeam Tree Jun 14 to Jun 23 - Fig Tree Jun 24 - Birch Tree Jun 25 to Jul 04 - Apple Tree Jul 05 to Jul 14 - Fir Tree Jul 15 to Jul 25 - Elm Tree Jul 26 to Aug 04 - Cypress Tree Aug 05 to Aug 13 - Poplar Tree Aug 14 to Aug 23 - Cedar Tree Aug 24 to Sep 02 - Pine Tree Sep 03 to Sep 12 - Weeping Willow Tree Sep 13 to Sep 22 - Lime Tree Sep 23 - chromatic Tree Sep 24 to Oct 03 - Hazelnut Tree Oct 04 to Oct 13 - Rowan Tree Oct 14 to Oct 23 - Maple Tree Oct 24 to Nov 11 - Walnut Tree Nov 12 to Nov 21 - Chestnut Tree Nov 22 to Dec 01 - Ash Tree Dec 02 to Dec 11 - Hornbeam Tree Dec 12 to Dec 21 - Fig Tree Dec 22 - Beech Tree Dec 23 to Dec 31 - Apple Tree APPLE TREE (Love) - of slight build, lots of charm,appeal, and attraction, pleasant aura, flirtatious, adventurous, sensitive,always in love, wants to love and be loved, near and tender partner, verygenerous, scientific talents, lives for today, a carefree philosopher withimagination. ASH TREE (Ambition) - uncommonly attractive, vivacious,impulsive, demanding, does not care for criticism, ambitious, intelligent,talented, likes to play with fate, can be egotistic, very reliable andtrustworthy, bend and prudent lover, sometimes brains rule over the heart, but

How Physical Activity Can Improve on Overall Health Essay -- essays re

How Physical Activity can Improve Overall wellness and Personal DevelopmentBenefits Of Physical ActivityThe benefits of feat extend far beyond weight management. Research shows that regular corporal activity can sustain reduce your gamble for several diseases and wellness conditions and improve your overall quality of life. Regular physical activity can help protect you from the following health problems. Heart Disease and Stroke Daily physical activity can help prevent substance disease and stroke by strengthening your heart muscle, lowering your bloodline pressure, raising your high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels (good cholesterol) and lowering low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels (bad cholesterol), improving blood flow, and increasing your hearts working capacity. Optimizing each of these factors can provide additional benefits of decreasing the risk for Peripheral Vascular Disease. High Blood Pressure Regular physical activity can reduce blood pressure in those with high blood pressure levels. Physical activity reduces body fat, which is associated with high blood pressure.Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetes By reducing body fat, physical activity can help to prevent and swear this type of diabetes.Obesity Physical activity helps to reduce body fat by building or preserving muscle mass and improving the bodys ability to give calories. When physical activity is combined with proper nutrition, it can help control weight and prevent obesity, a major risk factor for many diseases. ass Pain By increasing muscle strength and endurance and improving flexibility and posture, regular exercise helps to prevent back pain.Osteoporosis Regular weight-bearing exercise incites oculus sinister formation and may prevent many forms of bone loss associated with aging.Disability Running and aerobic exercise have been shown to postpone the development of disability in older adults. Stress and anxiety management Exercise may serve as an effective tranquilizer. Studies in adults indicate that 30 min of aerobic exercise reduces muscle tension by as much as does a dose of 400 mg o... ...low off steam). the stimulus-seeking theory (the excitement and thrills resulting from physical activity satisfy the plusd need for stimulation). the boredom theory (sport provides an alternative to occupy a time void, and by participating in physical activities, the pincer is too tired and too occupied to have energy left for delinquent behaviour).Character development Athletic competition does not appear to promote character development instead, there are some studies that suggest that individuals with athletic experience have poorer attitudes toward fair play. Socially desirable behaviours such as friendliness, kindness and cooperation are inconsistent with physical activities that emphasize winning. However, physical activity may have the potential for personal growth in qualities including persistence, deeper self-reliance, commitment and motivation, and may in crease resourcefulness. This is probably truer for noncompetitive physical activities than team competition.http//www.pulsus.com/Paeds/07_05/niem_ed.htmhttp//diabetes.about.com/cs/exercise/l/blNIHweightexer.htm

Employee-Customer Relations in a Retail Store Essay -- Work Environmen

Employee-Customer Relations in a Retail Store In a department store, where customers come to shop, customer-employee relations be a key element for the stores survival.Shopping is a major part of the life of to the highest degree every person in the country.The flow of m whizzy keeps business flowing.If no one spent his or her money, Business would cease to make up.The customer comes to the store expecting to be served, and the employees are trained (or are supposed to be trained) to please the customer.Businesses exist to serve the customer, or at least thats what the common belief is.Businesses strive to please the customer.If the customer isnt pleased with the store, then the customer wont spend his or her money.The customers money is the businesses bread and butter The setting for this essay takes place in the checkout area of a fine-tuneular department store, in the Detroit area, similar to K-mart, Target, or Meijers during the year 2001.It has been in its present location f or about 30 years.It has been remodeled several times, its departments rearranged, and has had new additions added onto it.It is a place where many people can buy almost any thing that they need, from food, to c musshing, to entertainment items.It has a variety of merchandise.Almost anything that can be found in a competitor store that specializes in a certain type of merchandise (like electronics or grocery goods) for usually an equal or lower price. It is almost constantly busy, since it is a 24-hour store. As one is about to enter one can see the parking lot usually cluttered with carts.The parking lot is designed so that it slopes towards the sewer drains so that rain can be drained quickly.As you enter the store one can notice the two pop machines that are ... ...at.If they dont get what they want, now, they get angry.Even the most patient customers have their breaking point.Though the customer might be tired and cranky from a long day, what they need to understand is that the employee is probably working all day too.So they both could probably in a bad mood.If one of them looses their tempers, the other depart soon go off as well.If the customer and employee became more understanding, then mostly everything would run more smoothly.Things happen, and when a problem does occur, it is often unpredictable.If no one became quickly upset, and just waited for the problem to be solved, the store would run more smoothly in the end (so that the next customer could be taken safeguard of). Works CitedHairston, Maxine. Diversity, Ideology, and Teaching Writing. College Composition and Communication 43.2. May 1992 179-195.

Employee-Customer Relations in a Retail Store Essay -- Work Environmen

Employee-Customer Relations in a Retail Store In a department neckcloth, where nodes come to shop, customer-employee relations are a key element for the stores survival.Shopping is a major part of the life of almost every mortal in the country.The flow of money keeps business flowing.If no one spent his or her money, Business would cease to exist.The customer comes to the store expecting to be served, and the employees are trained (or are supposed to be trained) to please the customer.Businesses exist to serve the customer, or at least thats what the common belief is.Businesses strive to please the customer.If the customer isnt pleased with the store, then the customer wont sp prohibit his or her money.The customers money is the businesses bread and butter The setting for this try takes place in the checkout area of a popular department store, in the Detroit area, similar to K-mart, Target, or Meijers during the year 2001.It has been in its present location for or so 30 years. It has been remodeled several times, its departments rearranged, and has had new additions added onto it.It is a place where many people can buy almost any thing that they need, from food, to clothing, to entertainment items.It has a variety of merchandise.Almost anything that can be found in a competitor store that specializes in a certain type of merchandise (like electronics or foodstuff goods) for usually an equal or lower price. It is almost constantly busy, since it is a 24-hour store. As one is about to enter one can see the pose lot usually cluttered with carts.The parking lot is designed so that it slopes towards the sewer drains so that rain can be drained quickly.As you enter the store one can notice the two pop machines that are ... ...at.If they dont get what they want, now, they get angry.Even the most patient customers have their breaking point.Though the customer might be tired and cranky from a long day, what they need to understand is that the employee is probabl y working all day too.So they both could probably in a bad mood.If one of them looses their tempers, the other will soon go off as well.If the customer and employee became more than understanding, then mostly everything would run more smoothly.Things happen, and when a problem does occur, it is often unpredictable.If no one became quickly upset, and just waited for the problem to be solved, the store would run more smoothly in the end (so that the next customer could be taken care of). Works CitedHairston, Maxine. Diversity, Ideology, and Teaching Writing. College Composition and Communication 43.2. May 1992 179-195.

Literary Criticisms Essay

1. What are the different types of Literary Criticisms?* New Criticism / pietism This type of criticism concerns itself with the parts of a text and how the parts fit together to make a whole. Because of this, it does not bring in any development outside of the text biography of the author, historical or literary allusions, mythological patterns, or the psychoanalytical traits of the causas (except those traits specifically described in the text.) * Archetypical or fabulous This type of criticism looks at traditional meanings in literature. It uses clues such as symbols and images. * Empowerment This type of criticism concerns the portrayal of social biases toward specific groups and forces readers to understand thematic content since many biases deal with issues such as independence, self-discovery, etc. * Marxist This type of criticism concerns the commission of social classes, socioeconomic distinctions, and disparities, and the material conditions in which character func tions.* Didactic or Moral This type of criticism looks at the noble attempts literature makes to elevate readers above physical existence into the realm of moral penny-pinchingness. It asserts that good literature should strengthen us by teaching us what having integrity and values means for society as well as the individual. * Auto/biographic This type of criticism attempts to understand literary works through the authors life (including perceptions and beliefs) * Psychoanalytic This type of criticism us based on Freudian Principles, it is best explained by briefly discussing and simplifying some terminology used. * Historical or New Historical This type of criticism examines events surrounding the setting of a work and analyzes it within that context. It emphasizes the age during which the author lived and wrote to construct meaning within a literary work.* Feminist This type of criticism is concerned with the literary representation of the females. * Deconstructionism This type of criticism is the fundamental biases in language. This means that language cannot mean one thing. * Reader Response This type of criticism focuses on the clever and emotional connections readers make with a work. It relies on the readers reaction to the literature. This type of criticism attempts to describe what happens in the readers mind man interpreting a text2. History of Philippine Literature* August 13, 1898 The American Forces occupied Manila. * 1899 English Newspapers were published The Courier, Insular Press, and Manila escapeddom. * April 1900 President William McKinley say the Philippines Commission to make English the Official Medium of Instruction for all public schools. * 1900 The Daily Bulletin was founded.* August 1901 600 American Teachers arrived on the transport of Thomas. They replaced the soldiers as Teachers. * 1901 The Philippine Normal School was founded. This school trained Filipinos in the art of Teaching so that they could eventually t ake charge of Elementary Education. * 1902 The Cablenews started.* 1905 The Philippine Free Press began edited by F. Theodore Rogers. It was a bilingual weekly in English and Spanish. * 1908 The Philippine Press published the first Filipino Short Stories in English. * 1908 1914 Some students at the University of the Philippines collected and retold, in English, old Filipino Tales. These writings were published and gather by Dean S Fansier on Filipino general Tales in 1921. * 1921 Graduates of the Manila High School published their English Writings in the Coconut. * 1913 The Philippine Normal School introduced its publication, The Torch. * 1920 the Philippines Herald began publication. Manuel Quezon founded it and Paz Latorena, Loreto Paras, Hose Garcia Villa, Casiano T. Calalang, and others edited its cartridge section. * 1924 Hartendorp became the editor f the Philippine Education Magazine.* 1925 Pree Presso began paying for original manuscripts and offered Php1, 000.00 for the best stories. The Manila Tribune was founded, along with Graphico, the Womans Outlook, the Womans Home Journal, and the Philippine Collegian. Also, the Philippine Writers Association was organized with Rizal G. * 1927 The Writers Club was founded at the University of the Philippines. * 1929 The First Filipino Novel in English was A Child of Sorrow. And His awaken by Ernest Lopez. * 1900 1930 Significant writing of Essays, Short Stories, and Poems.Essays. The essay was a popular form of expression for the early writers. As early as 1926 essayist explicit the need for literature that was native and national. Many essays first appeared as newspaper columns and later they were published in anthologies. In 1921 Zoilo M. Galang published Life and Success, the first mint of essays in English. In that year Zoilo M. Galang also published another book of essays, Master of Destiny.Short Stories, Virginia R. Moreno has described the literary years 1910 19o24 as a closure of novices with their experiences both infliction-making and the use of the new language. 1925 1931 was the period of phenomenal growth among the practitioners in the art. It is true that the early short stories were the work of novices. The tales were often romantic and the adventures, themes, and plots were sometimes imitated. there were difficulties in grammar and at times their wows a tendency toward sentimentalism.But gradually, certain writers appeared who showed that the novitiate periods were ending. Critics for their high literary quality praised Jorge Bacobos Horrible Adventure in the Philippine Review for May 1916, and Paz Marquez Benitezs The Siren of 34 Real in the Philippine Review for July 1917. On September 20, 1925 The Philippines Herald published utterly Stars by Paz Marquez Benitez. This story was quickly recognized as one of the best short stories yet written by a Filipino.Poems. The first known Filipino poem in English is Sursum Corda by Justo Juliano. It appear ed in the Philippines Free Press in 1907. This poem, along with others of that period, has been criticized as being too artificial and overwritten in crop to achieve intensity. The early poems in book often borrowed images and similes from English or American poets. The first collection of poems in book form was Reminisces, by Lorenzo Paredes, in 1921. In 1922, Procopio Solidum published Never Mind, a collection of Filipino poetry in English. Rodolfo Dato edited an anthology of Filipino poems in 1924 under the title Filipino Poetry. In 1926 he published his own poems in Manila.Most critics agree that Marcelo de Garcia Concepcion was a leading poet of the early period. His Azucena was published in New York in 1925. His poems reveal unproblematic images with deep sensitivity and original thought. Some poets who belonged to the early period of Philippine Literature were Aurelio S. Alvero, Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion, Rafael Zulueta da Costa, Luis Dato, Vicente L. del Fierro, Virgili o Floresca, Angela Manalang Gloria, Jose M. Hernandez, A.E. Litiatco.Referenceshttp//quizlet.com/10480063/types-of-literary-criticism-flash-cards/ http//hhh.gavilan.edu/kwarren/LitCrit.htmlhttp//litgroupone.blogspot.com/2009/07/history-of-philippine-literature.html

What Do I Want to Be When I Grow Up

Ever since I was sm every last(predicate), people always ask me What do you want to be when you conjure up up? I utilise crayons to illustrate my dream c beer. My drawing was hung in the hallways for my parents to see. I recover the typical careers of my kindergarden class- ballerinas, firefighters, singers, and astronauts. I remembered mine. My picture showed a stick figure with black hair safekeeping a mic. Underneath the beautiful drawing, I wrote When I grow up, I want to be a singer. To this day I can so far remember my youth self wanting to sing and perform on a big stage. When I was younger, questions like this were asked very often. I answered these types of questions with silliness, never thought it was likely to come true. However, as I am getting older, I realized that now Im suppose to answer this question with confidence and mean what I say. Teenagers are expected to know exactly what they want to be and should be able to give good reasons why. Now that I am a teen ager, I still dont exactly know what I want to be.Doctors, lawyers, dentists, business managers are all great jobs however, I dont think my parents or any parents in fact, had ever sit down down with their children and ask them What do you want to be when you grow up? If I buzz off to answer this question, I would say adroit. All I want to do in my grown up life is to be capable. In my opinion, if you hate your career, its mostly unlikely for you to enjoy it. The fun part of existence an adult is that you get to choose who you want to be and make your own decisions.Happiness isnt something you can get with money. I feel like society today is all about money. The so called good jobs are usually the jobs that make the most money. I know money is pretty powerful, but it still has its limits. Money cant buy us happiness nor health. In my opinion, being happy isnt as easy to achieve as people think. Sometimes, it is even possible for happiness to spread. Being happy isnt going to be easy in any way, sometimes people underestimate the power of happiness. Therefore, my dream for now is to be happy when I grow up.But my ultimate goal in my life is to make everyone around me happy, I want to bring happiness in the people I love. I dont have a specific plan to determine how Im going to make everyone happy but all I know now is that if you are not happy yourself, no one around will be happy. Happiness is a destination for everyone. We may want to try different paths in life, but I think we all want to be happy wherever we end up. Life is rough sometimes, but if you are optimistic about it, you will book your failure. Happiness.

An Online Business Expansion Proposal Essay

Dancys Fancy Butter is a local, singly owned and operated butter/spread. This business is located in Jacksonville stat mi. The operation started bug out from a simple request from a friend who wanted to buy the Garlic butter for a party. It was then that Anna Dancy realized the family and friends front- breakner dinner addition was a possible money making venture. The actual business side was at first a bit taunting. Anna had never run her own business, nor had she worked in food service or distributing food. There was a lot to learn that went way beyond the product. She purchased a mobile kitchen unit, and started creating her butter spreads. It was not long before the Health inspector paid her a visit.She was fortunate that she was giving solid advice as to how to move forward with rules in running a food service business. The holdup was minimal and it gave her time to actu every(prenominal)y prepare for bring her product to a larger guest base then family and friends. husband mans markets are the primary selling place for Dancy Fancy Butter. The product is made and kept preserved in the mobile kitchen, and then Anna and family helpers travel judgment out the Jacksonville region setting up at Farmers Markets. It has been a great success. Now that she has a year under her belt, and with family and friends living outside of Jacksonville and the state of Michigan Anna Dancy had decided that she wants to explore expanding her internet presences and move into selling and shipping her product to a wider market.The advantages in todays market for placing access to your product and work online are numerous. For Dancy Fancy Butter being online will open up an opportunity for a larger population to see the products offered. There is an international customer base available into Canada with the location of the telephoner in Michigan.The possible challenges to building an online presence for this club will be assuring there is up-keep for everything from the web commit through the loving media outlets. The online presence is bound to bring in more clients, the significance will be made clear and the management of the online environment will align with the overall goal to be successful in this endeavor. Current Online CompetitionThe online completers that come up in a basic search for butter, butter spread and constituent(a) are, Home Earth Balance (http//www.earthbalancenatural.com/), Melt Up (http//www.meltdirectnow.com/), and Bryannas Vegan Butter (http//vegan.com/recipes/bryanna-clark-grogan/bryannas-vegan-butter/).Earth Balance is an off shoot of the Smart Balance products whose parent company is GFA Brands, Inc. so even though this is an natural butter spread, it is still a part of a large company. The website is well organized, and has several appealing features such as a Recipe section and Kitchen Tips. There is not a ecommerce or shopping cart, so the product is only available in stores.The next company Melt Up is an organic butte r spread. The website is very basic. It does have a shopping cart and ecommerce. The site offers a newsletter and runs and RSS syndication on its front page. This line of battle is a good set up if you are familiar with the product.The third website like or close as a competitor is Bryannas Vegan butter. This site is connected to Vegan.com (http//vegan.com). It is more of a blog site. If the site does allow you to buy products, however it takes you off to Amazon to complete your purchase.This websites do have similar products as Dancy Fancy butter, however they are not homegrown, home town products. The advantage to Dancy Fancy butter is it will carry a local feel to all who visit the website.Online Marketing Suggestions and StrategiesThree online strategies that are planned for the rolling out Dancy FancyButter online expansion will be an email campaign, a Facebook throng for the company and third will be content strategy of building Cooking Tips videos for the website.

Cross cultural differences in personality

Cross heathen contraventions in spirit The aim of the work is to critically appraise the evidence of cross heathen differences in character and to come to the relevant conclusion, whether such differences exist and what impact they create on various sides of the personality lifespan activity.IntroductionNumerous studies have been conducted to research the cross ethnic differences of various aspects in personality behavior starting from psychological side, and ending with the difference in business imparting and online and computer attitudes however in that respect is still a question whether these the results of these studies atomic payoff 18 relevant and is it possible to assume that cross cultural differences exist or effect on the older economic theories, all personalities have similar behavioral patterns which are not different crosswise cultures? Cross cultural personality studiesThe observational researches conducted in the area of cross cultural differences in personality have undercoat that people behave in different and various ways, in attribute from the basic economic theory that the phenomenon of personality is traditionally common across different ethnic throngs. When one endeavors to discoer the reasons and cores of this controversy, it appears that the great extent of impact is created by the hearty environment people live in. this is why cultural element in defining the reasons of cross cultural differences is essential in this take and in personality differences as such.If one takes two different regions of the globe and considers the differences between these two regions as vigorous as the changes in the personality which occur chthonian these two different environments, as well as the differences between the personalities traditionally found in both societies, they will not further be geographically distant, but also culturally which will ultimately define these or those behavioral patterns accepted in this or that society under research. (Brandts, Saijo & Schram, 2004) Researches show that there are signifi laughingstockt differences in traits between different ethnic crowds and between the countries.It will be interesting to take New Zealand and inter depicted object sample as an example and critically evaluate the methods and evidences of the cross cultural differences found in this study it is also essential to critically evaluate the evidence acquired in lab tests of cross cultural differences. In order to make the New Zealand study relevant, the three different groups of respondents were taken New Zealand respondents were divided into Europeans, Maori and Pacific Islanders, with the addition of the dead different ethnic groups from South Africa and Australia.It is stated that there have been revealed significant differences in the personality traits both on the New Zealand and on the international level. The largest differences at the international level were notices in the aspects o f agreeableness, neuroticism and extraversion. In terms of the inner New Zealand groups the principal cross cultural personality differences were discovered in those traits which are usually determining for job performance conscientiousness and neuroticism. (Allen, 2001) Evaluation of the theoriesIn the cultural dimension several theories have been created to explain the differences between the personalities in the cross cultural aspect. Considering these theories critically, it should be assumed that they have not been created without both reason, and there have existed solid grounds to assume that depending on what culture of origin is the source of sociable patterns for the personality, it is possible to define the basic criteria of personality characteristics. For example, the theory created by Markus & Kitayama (1991) states that the cultures endow one-on-ones with different principles that influence behavior. The author of this theory argued that one of the cultural dimensi ons is always thrifty done the line of individualism versus collectivism, and these traits should be included into the set of basic characteristics peculiar of the personality in the cross cultural perspective. one dimension of national culture is measured along a continuum from collectivism to individualism, defining societies in which the interest of the group prevails over the interest of the individual as collectivistic, and those in which the interest of the individual prevails over the interest of the group as individualist. (Allen, 2001)While the traditions and the history of this or that country or ethnic group may be characterized by cosmos either individualistic or collectivist, it is possible to reasonably assume that cross cultural personality differences exist (if one takes an example of the US being an individualistic country and promoting individual values versus collectivist ones, while the countries of Eastern Asia for example, promote opposite values, it becomes clear that even it were the only feature of differences between personalities, it would prove the confidence that these differences exist and would also lead to the discovery of the new ones).Critical evaluation of the methodologies There is a v factor model which is used for the evaluation of the cross cultural personality differences, and it has also been objectively created on the hind end of the knowledge about the basic personal characteristics which define personal behavior and reaction. the fin-factor model comprised of five ball-shaped personality traits, commonly referred to as the well-favoured volt, now enjoys wide acceptance as the most comprehensive and parsimonious model of the expression of personality.The Big quintuple traits are most commonly referred to as Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Evaluating the evidence of cross cultural personality differences, one may find in literary sources that just de scribed Big five-spot Model has also been based on the reasonable assumptions as for the existence of these differences. It was based on the English lexicon and Western culture, and this was the premier(prenominal) theory to raise the concern as for the cross cultural generalisability.It was noted that if the environment is capable of impacting personality, these five model structures would not be found in all cultures. The presence of different aspects of the Big Five model would depend on the culture under research. Personality judgements are culturally generalisable to enable cross-cultural comparisons, and also to ensure their fairness in the multicultural societies. (Barrick & Mount, 1991)However many questions in relation to these study and the relevance and reliableness of these results arise for example, whether the group respondents were of the same social group (age, profession, interests, career, family status etc), and were the researches conducted in the similar bo rders and situations. On the different hand, if we assume that in order to create such perfect ideal surrounding laboratory tests would be the most take over ones, there are stil doubts whether these tests are reliable and can roduce rleevant results.(Ones & Andersen, 2002) For example, if we take the case with the research of the cross cultural personality differences in New Zealand, Research into the cross-cultural generalisability of personality structure has been conducted by dint of factor analytic studies of personality descriptors in foreign speech communications. It has also been studied through the variation of personality assessments and comparison of the resulting factor structure with the United States normative structure.Analyses of personality descriptors in foreign languages have typically identified five factors. However, the five personality factors seldom correspond with the original five factors based on United States samples. This lack of correspondence is l ikely to arise because personality trait descriptors rarely translate directly between languages. However, the finding that lexical studies typically identify five, or close to five, personality factors is considered as evidence for the cross-cultural generalisability of personality structure.(Barrick & Mount, 1991) The translation of questionnaire items can, however, present problems as some trait adjectives do not have direct translations. Despite this limitation, research has attempted to gauge the cross-cultural replicability of personality structure through the translation of personality assessments. Sometimes the cross cultural variability was viewed thrugh the six different assessments, but the five assessment model was still found the most appropriate as letting to find the bigger number of similarities in languages.Despite the already described limitations, it has still be found that Big Five model of personality structure was replicated through the diverse cultures through both lexical and questionnaire methods. The existence of such model is not necessarily translated into the endorsement or rejection of various traits and behavioral patterns, and is equivalent across the cultures. This critical evaluation of the methods legislates certain doubts as for the reliability of the existing evidence of cross cultural diversity across various ethnic groups.Yet these methods are widely used for the research of these differences. The disadvantages of the international research in cross cultural personality difference are numerous, and this is why they should be always looked at critically. For example, with the facet personality trait level, it is difficult to generalise the findings across previous studies, because different personality assessments vary according to the number of and names given to the lower level traits.(McAdams, 1992) As far as the United States is the leader of conducting these researches, the bigger part of them is devoted to the pers onality differences within the ethnic groups living in the US, but does it give solid grounds to assume that this cultural difference is similar in other ethnic groups all over the world? Probably in order to receive reliable results in cross cultural studies it is essential to determine whether ethnic groups (even in the present study of New Zealand) are differentiated through commonly used personality asessments.It is also interesting to note, that in order to eliminate these language problems and to check the reliability of the tests and methods, it is appropriate to conduct a research across English-speaking countries, which will give the basis for assuming, whether these test methodologies are workable within the frames of the similar language between the ethnic groups under research. Speaking about laboratory tests, there is a number of certain limitations which can prevent the reader and the researcher from linguistic rule judging and evaluation of the results.While the resu lts of any recent studies in cross cultural personality differences are held as being sensational and are represented without any account of the limitations, thus making the public consider cross cultural identity differences be crucial in the determining of the behavioral patterns, and letting other importantr factors remain unnoticed, there are the measurements which should be performed or taken into account while reading any such evidence and study, which will ultimately lead to the conclusion of the importance of the given results and their reliability.These are the partner and the stranger condition, and the number of games played through the study in the laboratory conditions. In some studies, authors found that under partner condition, the contribution rate was lower, whereas others found the opposite results. These conditions had an effect on the contribution rate based on their research, this is why it is often obligatory not to differentiate these two conditions and to ev aluate the evidence of any cross cultural research without this differentiation.(Goldberg, Sweeney & Hughes, 1998) In some studies, participants only played the game once, and in other studies they played the game following an infinitely ingeminate fashion, typically with 10 rounds. Theoretically speaking, the contribution rate of the last round of the infinitely repeated games is equivalent to the one in the one-shot game, given the same strategy the participants could apply. Thus, these data from respective condition is comparable.Reading the study conducted in New Zealand, the first question arises in connection with the choice of participants it was the correct step to define the gender, age and country of residence for each respondent however, in this case the identification of the ethnic group is only available for the New Zealand inner groups, and is not specified for the international groups participated in the study.On the one hand, it may decrease the reliability of the a cquired results on the other hand, at the international level the results of the research do not need to be specified in terms of the specific ethnic group and give only general definitions as for the cross cultural personality difference but once more without this specification is there any guarantee that the international group has been chosen correctly and carried the general characteristics of the wide ethnic group and is not narrowed by some small ethnic grouping, thus making the cultural difference too significant?The five traits model is also used in other cross cultural studies, and it is stated that The Five Factor Model of personality is a universally valid taxonomy of traits. (McAdams, 1992) The analysis of the 33 countries and the studies of the cross cultural personality difference among these countries have allowed the researchers to come to the conclusion that this model is the most appropriate through the similar studies, and even with the account of the comment given earlier in this work, it appears that many studies use it as the basic method for research.This also gives the basis for doubts and critical evaluation of the reliability of the results provided by these studies if the method used in most of them is the same and it presupposes certain limitations and even bias, thus the question is also whether these studies can be considered to be reliable. (Ones & Andersen, 2002 The beneficial side of the New Zealand approach is in the fact that it actually uses two different methods of evaluation which may potentially amplify the reliability of the acquired results.Personality traits were measured using the 15 Factor Questionnaire Plus (15FQ+), a self-report personality assessment. This assessment is widely used within New Zealand, as well as internationally, and was designed specifically for personnel assessment and selection purposes. The 15FQ+ was completed by the respondents in either a pencil-and-paper format or in a computerised form at. Qualified test administrators conducted the assessments following a standardised procedure and testing conditions.The assessment had no time limit, but respondents were provided with a guide of how long the assessment should take. In distinction from other studies, which mostly use one method, and which is mostly the Big Five Model (Triandis, 2002 Markus & Kitayama, 1991), the use of the two different methods certainly increases reliability and relevance of the research results. Another study (Allen, 2001) suggested that the use of the 15FQ+ tests was within the range of the reasonable validity and thus had good internal consistency.The reliability coefficients of this method were ranging from . 77 to . 89 which is essential for the tests of such kind. No information has been found as for the Five Model tests, and it should be suggested that the wide use of this method does not give any reliable basis to assume that this methodology is the best for the evaluation of these cross cultural personality differences.The results which were acquired through the research, tell the reader that out of the five basic traits, suspiciousness was the one which displayed the highest difference across the three international group of respondents, with South Africa showing the highest scores however with the accounting of the previous criticism of the Big Five Model it is possible to assume that these results should be re-checked with the use of other methodologies, as well as with the specification of the exact ethnic group at the international level.(Barrick & Mount, 1991) Conclusion Based on the previous assumptions the following conclusions may be derived out of the information available 1. The Laboratory tests of the cross cultural personality differences are deprived of real life connection and the participants of these studies are already assimilated thus the results of these studies cannot be supposed to be reliable. 2. The use of the Big Five model should be combin ed with the use of other methodologies to produce relevant results.It is suggested, that further research is conducted within the framework of several different methodologies, and it is assumed that the results acquired through the similar studies but with the use of different methods will produce the results which are different from those in previous researches. It is suggested that the most important studies are carried out again but with different respondents and different surroundings with the account of the criticism in the present paper.The studies which exist at present, especially those using only one Big Five model of research, should be re-visited and re-considered in the light of the modern realia and the requirements towards such experiments. It is suggested that laboratory studies are excluded from the sphere of cross cultural personality studies. Works cited Allen, J. polish of Measurement of Ethnicity Classification and Issues. Classifications and Standards Section, New Zealand, 2001. Barrick, M. R. & Mount, M. K.The Big Five Personality Dimensions A Meta-Analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44 (1991) 1-26 Brandts, J. , Saijo, T. & Schram, A. How Universal is Behavior? A Four Country Comparison. public Choice 119 (2004) 381-424 Goldberg, L. R. , Sweeney, D. & Hughes, J. E. Demographic Variables and Personality The Effects of Gender, Age, Education, and Ethnic/ Racial Status on egotism-Descriptions of Personality Attributes. Personality and Individual Difference 24 (1998) 393-403 Markus. H. R. & Kitayama, S. Culture and the Self Implications for Cognition, Emotion and Motivation.Psychological Review 98 (1991) 224-253 McAdams, D. P. The Five-Factor Model in Personality A Critical Appraisal. Journal of Personality 60 (1992) 329-361 Ones, D. S. & Andersen, N. Gender and Ethnic Group Differences in Personality Scales in Selection Some British Data. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 75 (2002) 255-276 Triandis, H. C. The Self and S ocial Behavior in Differing heathenish Contexts. Psychological Review 96 (1989) 506-520