Prosocial behaviours in Early Childhood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Prosocial behaviours in Early Childhood - Essay Example Pro social behavior is imperative to be followed in schools, mostly among early childhood generations. Most of the students face the problem of low pro social behavior such as the case scenario indicated Adams behavior in school is not adequate. There can be many reasons for this behavior such as lack of control, demonization and self-esteem on the perspective of parents as well as teachers. He may be suffering from some emotional and social problems, due to which he is harming other students. There is always specific reason behind this behavior of childhood. Adams present behavior is also related to his parent’s life, as parents influence have great impact in shaping a Childs behavior. If one gets frustrated in home, he behaves badly at other places to be calm and reduce the pressure of emotions. Therefore both parents as well as teachers should try to improve the behavior of Adam (Marion M, 2011). In the age of 5 to 7 years children’s go through development transforma tion most of which is adhered from school and a percentage is allotted to parental education. Due to this many changes occur in a child such as in the skills, thinking, behavior and emotions. The changes lead to positive and negative aspects. Adam is facing negative aspects of transformation of behaviors, in relation to social roles (MacNaughton G, 2003). Strategies In order to address the low pro social behavior of Adam many behavioral strategies can be used to prevent the situation. Some of them are discussed below: Promoting alternative thinking strategy- this strategy can help Adam to concentrate more on his emotional and social behavior. It will help to reduce aggressiveness and low pro social behavior of Adam. Teacher can conduct education and counseling programs for Adam to guide him towards social behavior. These activities can be conducted in class, school and parents should also take part in it because they play key role in developing ethnic behavior in their children. In this program Adam should be taught to express his feelings and behavior in a good manner, making him understand the perspective of others and their values so that in future he does not harm any student (Kauchak D & Eggen P, 2011). Development strategy- this strategy is mainly linked to psychodynamic education of children’s. It promotes social, emotional and cognitive growth. Teachers try to utilize classroom experiences with the children’s. By promoting this strategy on Adam it will create motivation and self-control in his nature and he would be able to recognize the needs and feelings of others. For example he will be become familiar of good and bad manners. He will believe more on himself and will do what is right and ethical (Gowen J W & Nebrig J B, 2000). Pro- social control strategy- this strategy have positive characteristics and concentrates on the well-being of peers. Adam is presently focusing on coercive strategy which is opposite to pro social strategy. He is focusing on unethical behavior. Teachers should try to adopt pro social strategy in order to improve the behavior of Adam. He should be provided learning’s of social relationships and should be continuously monitored for his action. Guidance should be provided to him on every step where he is wrong. This means that teachers can control the behavior of Adam through effective learning and monitoring systems (Gillies R M & Ashman A, 2003). 1.2 Highlight the relevant research work and theories related to this topic? Recent literature reviews have identified that there should be evaluating programs to prevent low social behavior of students which should be for longer durations, developmental and professional models should be included in the program to study the behavior of students and solution to their emotional problems, ongoing motivation and support should be provided

Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Obesity - Essay Example In airplanes, they should be forced to buy double seats to allow them and other passengers to travel comfortably. Those who feel aggrieved by such radical measure should look for other means of transport or board a private plane Jim is ethical because he does not steal the software but he is rather given for the being a member of the BB network. Secondly, utilitarianism demands that people act on the basis of the greater good. In this setting, it is clear that the process of procurement of software by their company is hectic, and therefore to increase their efficiency Jim and his colleagues, they opt to download software. Lastly, by telling the truth to Thelma, Jim is ethical. Thelma is being harmed because she her moral principles on copyrighted product are also being violated. In addition, the software companies lose sales because of such networks. Thus, Thelma and software companies are the major victims. Having software in BB implies that people have the privilege of accessing or downloading them. Hence, these are acting ethically in the sense that they follow the required procedure to obtain software via BB. Further, it is the easiest or the fastest way to obtain software because it takes care of people who cannot afford to buy software. In addition, these people do not hack sites for software but rather share what they have between each other. Thelma has a choice of either not associating with site if she feels it is unethical or be part of the network if she can justify the actions and values based on utilitarian principle. However, considering her first reaction she ought not join the network at

A Focus on the Different Economic Principles and Theories of John M Term Paper

A Focus on the Different Economic Principles and Theories of John M. Keynes - Term Paper Example Keynesian economic principles promote mixed economies in which both the state as well as the private sector will play significant roles. The emergence of Keynesian economics closed the curtain on laissez-faire economics that were based on the idea that markets as well as the private sectors could be able to operate independently without government intervention (Keynes, 1936). Keynesian economists believe in the government's role to level the business environment. State intervention may take the form of tax breaks and government spending with a view of stimulating the economy. In good economic times, government expenditure cuts as well as tax hikes would help curb inflation (Blinder, 2006). This paper advances Keynes’s theory that the best way to ensure economic stability and growth is by active government intervention in the marketplace and monetary policy. Keynesian Principles Keynes differed with the Classical economic theories posing various arguments to disapprove them. Basically, Keynes believed that markets could not automatically attain full-employment equilibrium, but rather, the economy would settle in equilibrium at any given level of unemployment (Blinder, 2006). This implies that the classical principles of non-intervention by government would not apply. For the economy to grow in the correct direction, it would require prodding and this means active government intervention in order to manage the demand level. The Keynesian principles are illustrated on the basis of circular income flow. In case of disequilibrium between income injections and leakages, then, according to classical economists, prices would move to appropriately restore the equilibrium. However, Keynes principles that the output level (National Income) will adjust appropriately in attempt to restore equilibrium (Keynes, 1936). For instance, if, for some reason, there is a rise in income injections, say due to increased government expenditure, an imbalance would result between injections and leakages. Following the resulting extra aggregate demand, firms will tend to employ more persons and this would result in more income within the economy. Some of this income could be spent while some would be saved or remitted in tax. The extra expenditure is likely to prompt most of the firms in that economy to increase their production further creating even more employment opportunities and in turn increasing income within the economy. This process will continue until it finally comes to a stop. It would finally stop since with every increase in income, leakages’ levels also increase (tax, savings and imports). When income injections finally equal the leakages, equilibrium will be restored. This process, according to Keynes is referred to as the Multiplier effect (Blinder, 2006). Keynesian Theories Keynes suggested that it was not a perfect idea to rely on market s in order to attain full employment in the economy. He believed strongly in his view that economies can settle at any given equilibrium. As a result, there couldn’t be automatic changes that could correct equilibrium in the markets. The main theories used to justify the Keynesian view are: The labor market theory (the monetarist theory), the money market theory (market for loan-able fund theory), the Multiplier effect theory and the Keynesian Inflation Theory (Keynes, 1936). Monetarist Theory: The Labor Market To Keynes, wage determination is more complex. First, he pointed out that it nominal wages but not real wages that are often subjected to negotiations between workers and their employers such as in barter relationship. In the first place, it is very difficult to effect nominal wage cuts due

Harlow's Observations in The Nature of Love Research Paper - 1

Harlow's Observations in The Nature of Love - Research Paper Example The conclusion is that â€Å"the baby, human or monkey if it is to survive, must clutch at more than a straw† (ibid). It has proved that â€Å"contact comfort might be a very important variable in the development of the infant's affection for the mother† (ibid). The experiments results lead us to the conclusion that â€Å"With age and opportunity to learn, subjects with the lactating wire mother showed decreasing responsiveness to her and increasing responsiveness to the nonlactating cloth mother, a finding completely contrary to any interpretation of derived drive in which the mother form becomes conditioned to hunger-thirst reduction† (ibid, p. 676). The nursing variable, Harlow’s team found that is no way an unimportant variable as â€Å"contact comfort was an important basic affectional or love variable, but we did not expect it to overshadow so completely the variable of nursing† (ibid). Harlow was primarily an experimental and comparative psychologist. Still, he has made substantial contributions to many areas of psychology such as cognition, behaviouralism, child development, animal intelligence, psychopathology treatment and so on. Harlow’s experiments on monkeys and social development fostered the cognitive revolution in the 1960s and took psychology away from the simplistic behaviorist explanations. The time period was dominated by behavioralism and psychoanalysis and both had many a priori assumptions on human attachment. Harlow’s experiments became instrumental in going beyond many of the assumptions of humanistic psychology, especially the hierarchy of needs paradigm developed by Abraham Maslov. Moreover, it rejected the deterministic aspects of behavioral analysis too. The article was path-breaking as it challenged not only some of the key assumptions of the existing psychology but also even the key concepts and keywords commonly used in psychological inquiries. His replacement of the word attachment with love as a keyword in psychology had a profound influence.

Value Chain Essay Example for Free

Value Chain Essay Value chain management has become more and more important in industry in past decades. This report provides an insight view of value chain in automotive industry and then examine leadership role of engineer in value chain management. Furthermore, the report will analyse why engineer is so important in management of value chain. Analysis of value chain Automotive industry plays an important pillar role in the economic development of all countries. This is because the development of automotive industry will definitely drive development of new technology, development of relative industry sectors and increasing revenue of the country. In this day and age, value chain management is becoming more and more important in automotive industry to improve their competitiveness. As value chain management is crucial part of automotive industry, how to improve the efficiancy of value chain is the key target. The value chain is aim to deliver valuable products to customer, therefore, the components involved in value chain need to integrate with others effectively to achieve high value products with less cost. One of the components is supply chain, the supply chain in motor vehicle industry is not only the process which tramsform raw materials, parts into a finished vehicle, it also include financing, product developing, transporting, distributing to customer. Thus, many small firms may involved in the supply chain to produce a product. These organizations should cooperate closely and coordinate material, information effectively to speeding up flows in supply chain (Stadtler and Kilger, 2008). Thereby, improving competitveness of the firm. Demand chain is the other part of value chain. Demand chain in motor vehicle industry is a process which company can anticipate customer’s demand in the vehicle market. For instance, there is a research that shows a increasingly number of young people prefer SUV cars to sedan cars, as a result, almost every car manufactors introduce fangle SUV cars to attract customers buying their cars. Advertising can be seen everywhere in order to improve the demand of vehicle market. Consequently, the purpose of demand chain is to drive and sustain customer’s demand. Marketing and sales is a way to sustain customer’s demand (Bacheldor, 2003). However, product is the most important factor to satisfying customers’need. The product of the automotive industry is not produced by engineer without a plan, a marketing plan is necessary prior to launch a new product. The product strategy shoud be developed clearly and relisticly with the analysis of intended market, otherwise, the product may unattract to customer and the company may suffer a great of lost. Operations is all the business activities of the company, including making products and delivering to meet the goal of company. In order to run the business more effectively, managers will make a detailed operations strategy to attain their goal. A framework is setted to carry out functions of organization. Leadership Role of engineer in value chain management The concept of how to sustain the value chain has become a hot topic within managers. One of effective way is to apply supply chain management, which is define as combine supply chain, material and imformation for the purpose of satisfying customer’s need to create net value and improve competitiveness. According to Ayers (2001), he states that actions of supply chain management include planning, maintenance, responding to external changes and supply chain processes activities to fulfill consumer’s needs. First, in supply chain planning, engineers focus on the control of cost and satisfaction of customers’ demand, they play as a customer interface role to ensure value chain system are customer friendly and reduce cost. Secondly, it is obivous that engineers is a maintenance role in making sure all designed system meets the specified requirements. Thirdly, they also good at respond to risk, engineers are specialists in risk management, they asess risk and control risk to minimize the loss. Lastly, engineers play vital role in value chain, especially in fulfil constomer’s demand kown as requirements role, they design products based on the requirements of consumers, considering and making sure function of all system. Overall, engineers are significantly contribute to value creation, value mantainence and guarantee of efficiency and effectiveness, which are the characteristics of a leader (Hick et al. 1999). Benefits of using an engineer in value chain management Engineers are the core of value chain management, this is because they create and add value to the value chain. Firstly, engineers are creative, which greatly contributes to innovate and invent new products. They have professional skills to deal with complex problem and able to develop the products of what customer’s expect. Secondly, they have responsibilities in restricting cost, making plan and strategy and guiding the process of value chain (Simchi-Levi et al. 2008). They so focus on addding value to value chain that by taking these actions can greatly improve company’s competitiveness and increase profitability of company. Lastly, engineers are required in mantaining the normal operation of value chain process and improving efficiency by coordinate participants. Conclusion his report analyzes the value chain in automotive industry and examines the leadership role in management of value chain. Engineers have the characteristic of value creation, value mantainence and guarantee of efficiency and effectiveness which determined them leadership role in value chain management. Benefits of using an engineer like possess of professional skills, guiding operation process and improving efficiency are very attractive to companies. Therefore, it is recommended that engineers used as managers in value chain management.

A Vision for Change | Review

A Vision for Change | Review Healthcare Policy for Ireland a Critical Review 1. Overview of the document The document â€Å"A Vision for Change† reflects global concerns about mental health, mental illness and impacts on societies[1], and is a key policy document which outlines the projected mode of delivery for mental health services in Ireland. It provides an arguably innovative framework for developing and consolidating positive approaches to mental health and management of mental ill-health across the community context. It also outlines the plan to provide targeted, accessible services to those with mental illness across the whole country. 2. Key points Service users and their careers should be involved in every aspect of the service, at every stage, and should be treated as partners in their care. There should be evidence-based mental health promotion programmes available for every sector of the population at whatever age, as a means of increasing wellbeing and preventing mental illness. The service should be developed and implemented along a model that is focused on recovery, which meets the needs of the individual. The document requires the development and implementation of Community Mental Health teams, fully staffed with appropriately trained staff, and based in the communities which they serve, who can meet any needs of an individual in relation to their mental health across their lifespan. This would involve outreach programmes and liaison and referral to a range of therapies, including pharmaco-medical therapies, and psychological therapies. Services will be organised in designated catchment areas, monitored and managed by transparent processes. Services will be prioritised for those areas which are deemed as of greatest need, with fully inclusive services that can be accessed and are relevant to all user groups. A plan to close acute mental hospitals should be designed and put into place, and their resources re-invested in the new mental health services suggested. Improvements in information systems, mulitprofessional working, training and education are intended. Extra funding is required. The whole plan needs to be accepted and implemented for its principles to work. 3. Provide a critique of the document with reference to its challenges, limitations and strengths The document challenges the current provision of mental health services through particular means. To begin with, much like the NHS Plan[2], it requires the services to reorient themselves to a user-centred focus. To this end, the document itself was developed by a team which had service user input at all stages, which is laudable (Gagliardi et al, 2008). Service user input is a key element of good mental health service design, but also, this document is based on a range of evidence from clinical practice, including all levels of evidence[3]. This is a strength, that it contains the points of view of those who provide the service, those who use it, and some of the research evidence which supports the plan, including the inclusion of psychological therapies[4]. Improving access to such therapies can only benefit service users and providers in the long run[5]. 4. Critically analyse the impact of the document on, and its relevance to, overall healthcare provision The impact of this document on healthcare provision could be significant, particularly as it means closing acute inpatient hospitals and redirecting those resources to the new mental health services. This might affect a significant number of patients who are not prepared to return to the community, and would also affect staff. The drain on services initially might be significant, and only over time would this even out. The financial impact on other healthcare services would have to be evaluated. However, this document clearly sets out to meet the unmet needs of all sectors of the community, and by taking a person centred, recovery oriented approach, seems to be trying to both manage mental illness and prevent deterioration or even development of such illness in the longer term. This is not news, and the urge to move psychiatric and mental health care fully to community contexts has long been argued for[6]. However, there is also the awareness of the impact community-based services would have on primary healthcare providers[7][8]. The document does attempt to address this, but it might not reassure those who will be most impacted by the changes[9]. 5. Critically analyse the impact of the document on, and its relevance to, public health nursing practice The role of the public health nurse is very much centred around improving public health for all, but the individual-needs focus here would allow public health nurses to identify ways in which to meet client needs in liaison with the new mental health services. Public health nurses would have to establish good working relationships with the staff of these services, and the parameters of practice would have to be transparent and be agreed upon by all parties. However, there may be implications for inter-professional working and challenges to professional hegemony[10], and the transition period could have some impact on service users. It might be important for public health nurses to be actively involved in the implementation of the plan from the beginning, as a means of ensuring its success (Carr, 2007). 6. Critically consider any recommendations, summaries or conclusions from the document The document requires that the plan it outlines be implemented in full. This would have some significant impact on issues of resourcing and funding. While it would be possible to implement these changes, they are so radical and far reaching that it would be destabilisation of current service delivery over a marked period of time, and it would be financially very costly in the short term, despite the projected financial benefits in the longer term. Finding the resources to implement this could be the biggest challenge, as even single activities that form parts of the plan have significant cost implications[11]. References Bower, P. and Gilbody, S. (2005) Managing common mental health disorders in primary care: conceptual models and evidence base BMJ. 330:839-842 Carr, S.M. (2007) eading change in public health – factors that inhibit and facilitate energizing the process. PrimaryHealth Care Research and Development. 8 207-215. Currie, G. and Suhomlinova, O. (2006) The Impact of Institutional Forces Upon Knowledge Sharing in the UK NHS: The Triumph of Professional Power and the Inconsistency of Policy. Public Administration 84 (1) 1-30. Gask L, Sibbald B, Creed F. (1997) Evaluating models of working at the interface between mental health services and primary care. Br J Psychiatry;170: 6-11 Goldberg D, Huxley P. (1980) Mental illness in the community: the pathway to psychiatric care. London: Tavistock. Goldberg D, Gournay K. (1997) The general practitioner, the psychiatrist and the burden of mental health care. London: Maudsley Hospital, Institute of Psychiatry, Gagliardi, A.R., Lemieux-Charles, L, Brown, A.D. et al (2008) Barriers to patient involvement in health service planning and evaluation: An exploratory study. Patient Education and Counseling 70 (2) 234-241. Department of Health (2000) The NHS Plan London: Department of Health. Department of Health. (2001) Treatment choice in psychological therapies and counselling: evidence based clinical practice guideline. London: Department of Health. Lovell K, Richards D. (2000) Multiple access points and levels of entry (MAPLE): ensuring choice, accessibility and equity for CBT services. Behav Cognit Psychother ;28: 379-91 Shepherd M, Cooper B, Brown A, Kalton G. (1966)Psychiatric illness in general practice. London: Oxford University Press Valenstein M, Vijan S, Zeber J, Boehm K, Buttar A. (2001) The cost-utility of screening for depression in primary care. Ann Intern Med;134: 345-60 World Health Organization. (2001) The world health report 2001—mental health: new understanding, new hope. Geneva: WHO. Woolf, N. (2000) Using Randomized Controlled Trials to Evaluate Socially Complex Services: Problems, Challenges, and Recommendations Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics 3 (2) 97–109 1 Footnotes [1] WHO, 2001 [2] DoH, 2000, [3] Woolff, 2000 [4] DoH, 2001. [5] Lovell K, Richards D. Multiple access points and levels of entry (MAPLE): ensuring choice, accessibility and equity for CBT services. Behav Cognit Psychother 2000;28: 379-91 [6] Goldberg D, Huxley P. (1980) [7] Shepherd M, Cooper B, Brown A, Kalton G. (1966 [8] Goldberg D, Gournay K. (1997) [9] Gask L, Sibbald B, Creed F. (1997) [10] Currie and Suhomlinova, 2006 [11] Valenstein M, Vijan S, Zeber J, Boehm K, Buttar A. (2001)

Daddy Good Country People and Shiloh Essay -- essays papers

Daddy Good Country People and Shiloh Sylvia Plath’s â€Å"Daddy†, Flannary O’Connor’s â€Å"Good Country People†, and Bobbie Ann Mason’s â€Å"Shiloh† all have something in common. In each, the relationship between a parent and child is discussed. It is left up to the reader to decide the nature of the relationship. Although what stands out in Sylvia Plath’s poem "Daddy" is the Nazi imagery, it is interesting to note that the father is not called a Nazi in the first half of the poem. In the first stanza he is a "black shoe / In which [she has] lived like a foot" (2-3) which is certainly a stifling image but not yet a clear reference to the father's evil nature. Next he is "Marble heavy, a bag full of God" and a "Ghastly statue" (8-9), images which reveal the daughter's struggle to cope with his death but do not reflect any bad intent on the part of the father. From line 15 to the midway point of "Daddy," Plath begins to use Nazi imagery, but she still does not attack the father. Instead, the poem focuses on the daughter's frustrating attempt to connect with her dead father through his native language, German. In the second half of "Daddy," it is difficult at first to pinpoint where Plath starts to include thoughts of her husband. The speaker of the poem doesn’t make specific reference of a marriage until line 67, there is evidence before that which suggests that the speaker had found a replacement for her father. The language of lines 48 to 50, "Every woman adores a Fascist, / The boot in the face, the brute / Brute heart of a brute like you," connotes an abusive relationship between husband and wife, not parent and child. Likewise, the phrase "the black man who / Bit my pretty red heart in two" (55-56) is much more approp... ...d Norma Jean for the death of her baby, claiming that Norma Jean neglected the child. For years Mabel was after Leroy and Norma Jean to take a trip to Shiloh, the site of a Civil War battle that ended tragically. This battle was the first indication of how horrible the war would be, just as Norma Jean began to realized what her life would be like with Leroy home all of the time. Somewhere along the trip Norma Jean decided to end the marriage. Mabel pushed Norma Jean into marriage when Leroy got her pregnant, Mabel criticized her all of the time, Mabel seemed to always take Leroy’s side when discussing Norma Jean, and Mabel pushed for the trip to Shiloh. Norma Jean’s feelings of anger most likely stem from her mother’s overbearing qualities. Bibliography: Sylvia Plath’s â€Å"Daddy† Flannary O’Connor’s â€Å"Good Country People† Bobbie Ann Mason’s â€Å"Shiloh†